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Imagine a wonderful summer day at the beach. You play in the sand, swim in the ocean—and, of course, put a lot of sunscreen on. The sunscreen protects your skin from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Special ingredients absorb or reflect the UV rays so they do not harm your skin. Different types of sunscreen have different types of ingredients, and some of them can be harmful to the environment—especially if they get into the ocean. In this science project you will put your sunscreen to the test and investigate how much of the UV-absorbing chemicals on your skin end up in the water.
This project requires the use of a spreadsheet program, such as Excel or Google Sheets. This project requires a few special materials. See the Materials section for details.Science Buddies is committed to creating content authored by scientists and educators. Learn more about our process and how we use AI.
It’s crucial to evaluate interactions between cosmetic formulas and eco-friendly packaging. Certain materials may:
| Interaction Type | Material | Impact | Solution |
| Absorb contents | Paper-based packaging | Draws out moisture and oils | Use plastic liners |
| Leach chemicals | Recycled plastics | Releases bisphenols, phthalates, and other harmful substances | Thorough compatibility testing |
| React with contents | Metal or aluminum packaging | Acids or antioxidants in the formula may react | Consider formula pH, oil content, preservatives, natural versus synthetic ingredients |
| Allow air exposure | Breathable materials like wood | Allows oxygen exchange that degrades fragile oils and vitamins | Consider packaging thickness, coatings, barriers, opacity |
| Permit light exposure | Glass and clear plastics | Necessitates added UV blocking | Use opaque PCR plastics |
| Retain odors | Recycled plastic packaging | May retain scents that taint unfragranced products | Thorough compatibility testing |
| Considerations for Compatibility Testing |
| Formula pH, oil content, preservatives, natural versus synthetic ingredients |
| Packaging thickness, coatings, barriers, opacity |
| Expected shelf life: 6 months, 1 year, 2+ years |
| Shock, vibration, and temperature during distribution |
Choosing the right eco-friendly packaging for your cosmetic products involves considering several factors. First, you need to think about the specific needs of your product. Does it require a certain level of moisture protection? Is it sensitive to light or heat? The answers to these questions will help guide your choice of packaging material.
Next, consider your brand’s values and image. Your packaging is an extension of your brand, and it should reflect your commitment to sustainability. This might mean choosing packaging materials that are recyclable, made from renewable resources, or have a low carbon footprint.
Finally, consider your customers. What are their expectations and preferences? Are they willing to pay a premium for eco-friendly packaging? Understanding your customers can help you make packaging decisions that will appeal to them and support your brand’s success.
Choosing the right eco-friendly packaging for your cosmetic products is a complex process, but it’s an essential part of creating a sustainable beauty brand. By considering the needs of your product, your brand, and your customers, you can make choices that are good for the planet and good for business.
"I apply this pre-wash oil at night, then wash it out in the morning. My hair looks so shiny, feels so soft, and my scalp is more comfortable—which is a big one for me. It's also very easy to wash out, which is a feat for many hair oils. You can genuinely feel the richness of the ingredients chosen in this formula, both in terms of benefits and culture!"
-Priscilla Tsai, founder of Cocokind
Investigate how much of a sunscreen's UV-absorbing chemicals get from the skin into the water at different intervals after sunscreen application.
Sunlight is important for our health. The health benefits of sunlight include producing vitamin D, reducing high blood pressure, and boosting our mood. At the same time, too much sunlight can be harmful to our skin. In the short term it can cause a bad sunburn, and in the long term it can lead to skin cancer.
The culprit is one specific component of sunlight. Sunlight travels through space as waves, and it can be broken down into three main components with different wavelength ranges. These are shown in Figure 1 and consist of ultraviolet light (wavelengths less than 400 nanometers), visible light (wavelengths between 400 and 800 nanometers), and infrared light (wavelengths greater than 800 nanometers). You can learn more about the science of light in the Bibliography.
Image Credit: MIT OpenCourseWare / CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
The wavelength in nanometers is on the x-axis and the irradiance in watts per square meter is on the y-axis. Below the x-axis the wavelength ranges of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Infrared light are marked. The graph shows a larger peak between 250 and 1200 nanometers, with two smaller peaks in the 1200 nm to 2200 nm range.
Figure 1. Wavelength spectrum of sunlight. W/m 2 is the unit of irradiance, which is the amount of light power hitting a specific surface area. (Image credit: MIT OpenCourseWare, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0, via Flickr)