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Roodheid van de huid kan door een aantal huidziekten worden veroorzaakt, maar ook door andere onderliggende aandoeningen. Er is sprake van erytheem als de roodheid wordt veroorzaakt doordat de onderhuidse kleine bloedvaatjes zich hebben verwijd, waardoor er meer bloed doorheen stroomt.
Erytheem kan optreden in het begin van een aantal ziekten, maar ook tijdens het verloop of de genezing ervan. Erythemateuze aandoeningen zijn stoornissen of ziekten die samengaan met erytheem. Het erytheem wordt in veel gevallen beschouwd als het meest kenmerkende symptoom van de ziekte. Soms treden er ook nog andere klachten op, bijvoorbeeld jeuk of pijn.
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Erythemateuze huidaandoeningen kunnen worden ingedeeld in:
Onder gelokaliseerde erythemen vallen:
Onder gegeneraliseerde erythemen vallen:
Neonatal acne is thought to result from stimulation of sebaceous glands by maternal or infant androgens. Parents should be counseled that lesions usually resolve spontaneously within four months without scarring. Treatment generally is not indicated, but infants can be treated with a 2.5% benzoyl peroxide lotion if lesions are extensive and persist for several months. 7 Parents should apply a small amount of benzoyl peroxide to the antecubital fossa to test for local reaction before widespread or facial application. Severe, unrelenting neonatal acne accompanied by other signs of hyperan-drogenism should prompt an investigation for adrenal cortical hyperplasia, virilizing tumors, or underlying endocrinopathies. 10
In most cases, erythema multiforme is precipitated by herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection , alternative triggers include other concentric rings of colour variation which acral mucous membranes.
adverse reaction to target lesions
Erythema multiforme minor
Lip involvement in erythema multiforme
Erythema multiforme of eye
NINA R. O'CONNOR, MD, MAURA R. MCLAUGHLIN, MD, AND PETER HAM, MD
A more recent article on common rashes and skin changes in newborns is available.
Am Fam Physician. 2008,77(1):47-52
This is part I of a two-part article on newborn skin. Part II, “Birthmarks,” appears in this issue of AFP on page 56.
Author disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
| Clinical recommendation | Evidence rating | References |
|---|---|---|
| Infants who appear sick and have vesiculopustular rashes should be tested for Candida, viral, and bacterial infections. | C | 7 , 8 |
| Acne neonatorum usually resolves within four months without scarring. In severe cases, 2.5% benzoyl peroxide lotion can be used to hasten resolution. | C | 10 |
| Miliaria rubra (also known as heat rash) responds to avoidance of overheating, removal of excess clothing, cool baths, and air conditioning. | C | 6 |
| Infantile seborrheic dermatitis usually responds to conservative treatment, including petrolatum, soft brushes, and tar-containing shampoo. | C | 13 |
| Resistant seborrheic dermatitis can be treated with topical antifungals or mild corticosteroids. | B | 17 – 19 |
Scarlet fever is diagnosed in 10% of children presenting with streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. 8 It is caused by certain strains of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci that release a streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin). Patients who have a hypersensitivity to the toxin may develop the characteristic rash associated with scarlet fever.
Most children have a fever and sore throat one to two days before the rash develops on the upper trunk. The rash spreads throughout the body, sparing the palms and soles, with characteristic circumoral pallor. This differs from some viral exanthems that develop more slowly. The rash is characterized by confluent, erythematous, blanching, fine macules, resembling a sunburn, and sandpaper-like papules (Figure 2). In skinfolds, such as the axilla, antecubital fossa, and buttock creases, an erythematous, nonblanching linear eruption (Pastia lines) may develop. Petechiae on the palate may occur, as well as erythematous, swollen papillae with a white coating on the tongue (white strawberry tongue). Red strawberry tongue occurs after desquamation of the white coating. After several weeks, the rash fades and is followed by desquamation of the skin, especially on the face, in skin-folds, and on the hands and feet, potentially lasting four to six weeks. 9
Penicillin is the therapy of choice for streptococcal infection. Those allergic to penicillin and cephalosporins may be treated with oral macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin [Zithromax]) or clindamycin. 10 .