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Ja, maar omdat er nog onvoldoende cijfers zijn over de beschermingsduur na vaccinatie heeft de Hoge Gezondheidsraad het vaccin nog niet opgenomen in het basisvaccinatieschema. Zolang windpokkenvaccinatie daar niet toe behoort, kunnen ouders die dit vaccin voor hun baby of kind willen daarvoor niet bij Kind en Gezin, maar enkel bij hun behandelend arts terecht.
Wie laat zich best wél vaccineren?
Om te weten of je de windpokken hebt gehad en dus immuun bent, wordt het best een bloedtest gedaan voor je je laat vaccineren. Die bloedtest is gratis.
Voor een volledige vaccinatie zijn twee dosissen nodig. De eerste dosis mag ten vroegste vanaf de leeftijd van 12 maanden toegediend worden, en wordt bij voorkeur voor de leeftijd van 18 maanden toegediend. De tweede dosis van het varicellavaccin mag ten vroegste 4 à 6 weken na de eerste dosis toegediend worden.
Wie laat zich best niet vaccineren?
Herpes zoster uobičajeno započinje općim osjećajem slabosti, uz blagu vrućicu, peckanje i bolove na jednoj strani tijela. Nakon nekoliko dana dolazi do pojave mjehurića, a zahvaćeno područje postaje osjetljivo, bolno i može svrbjeti. Ovisno o zahvaćenim živcima, bol može biti slična bolovima kod upale crvuljka, bubrežnih ili žučnih kamenaca ili može oponašati upalu debelog crijeva.
Bolest može zahvatiti gotovo svaki dio tijela, ali se najčešće javlja na trupu. Najgori su slučajevi kada herpes zoster zahvati područje oko očiju, tada postoji opasnost od oštećenja rožnice oka.
Mjehurići nakon jednog do dva tjedna prolaze i stvaraju se kraste, prilikom čega bolovi i dalje mogu biti prisutni. Uobičajeni simptomi herpes zostera su:
Istraživanja su pokazala da se bolni simptomi često razlikuju po intenzitetu boli. Sukladno tome, neki pacijenti su doživjeli paresteziju (javljanje osjeta bez odgovarajućih podražaja, npr. trnjenje), disesteziju (bolna osjetljivost na dodir), alodiniju (bolna osjetljivost na obične bezbolne podražaje) te hiperesteziju (pretjerano ili predugo osjećanje boli).
U određenim slučajevima, kada je zahvaćen dio u području živca trigeminusa, u području ušnog ili ličnog živca, moguće su komplikacije u obliku konjunktivitisa, oštećenja rožnice ili ušnog živca, kao i paraliza ličnog živca. Nakon herpesa zostera ostaju ožiljci baš kao i nakon vodenih kozica.
Promjene koje se događaju na koži obično su lokalizirane jednostrano, iako se mogu pojaviti i na obje strane tijela (zoster duplex).
There are two topical preparations approved for management of postherpetic neuralgia. The lidocaine 5% patch has a favorable adverse effect profile and is considered first-line therapy despite limited evidence of effectiveness. Although one systematic review demonstrated improved pain, 38 a Cochrane review of six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) concluded the evidence supporting its use is lacking. 39
Capsaicin is also an option for pain relief. A meta-analysis of four RCTs with 1,272 patients concluded that capsaicin 8% patches applied for 30 to 90 minutes provided greater pain relief than low-concentration topical capsaicin after 12 weeks (number needed to treat [NNT] = 7, 95% confidence interval [CI], 5 to 15). 40 However, the 8% patch is irritating and likely to cause pain when applied. A trained clinician should pretreat the application site with topical anesthetic before affixing the patch. 28 Lower-potency capsaicin cream (0.075%) has also been used to treat postherpetic neuralgia, although a Cochrane review concluded that there was insufficient evidence to recommend its use. 41
The anticonvulsants gabapentin (Neurontin) and pregabalin (Lyrica) are approved for treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Several meta-analyses have shown that gabapentin (1,800 to 3,600 mg per day, NNT = 8, 95% CI, 5 to 14) and pregabalin (600 mg per day, NNT = 4, 95% CI, 3 to 9) were more effective than placebo in achieving 50% reduction in pain. 42 Despite their effectiveness, the time needed to titrate these agents to an effective dose (up to 10 weeks) and their adverse effects (e.g., somnolence) may limit their use. 43
Tricyclic antidepressants are also effective in treating postherpetic neuralgia. A meta-analysis of four RCTs comparing amitriptyline, nortriptyline (Pamelor), and desipramine with placebo estimated an NNT of 3 (95% CI, 2 to 4) to achieve meaningful pain relief. 44 A Cochrane review found no differences in pain relief among the tricyclic antidepressants after four weeks, but all were superior to placebo. 26 Up to one-fourth of patients taking tricyclic antidepressants discontinue treatment because of adverse effects such as confusion, sedation, urinary retention, and cardiotoxicity. 26 , 28
An estimated 1 million cases of herpes zoster occur in the Unites States annually, with an individual lifetime risk of 30%. 5 About 2% to 3% of patients with this condition are hospitalized each year, with costs ranging from 800 billion to 2000 billion annually. 4 In a typical family practice with 1,500 patients, three to five cases of herpes zoster can be expected each year. 2
Almost all adults in the United States have been exposed to VZV. 1 , 6 The incidence of herpes zoster ranges from one to three cases per 1,000 person-years in those younger than 50 years. Age is a major risk factor, T lymphocyte–specific immunity to the virus wanes over time, and more than one-half of unvaccinated patients 85 years and older will be affected. 3 , 7 Women are at increased risk, whereas blacks are at decreased risk. 5 , 7 Patients with conditions that decrease cell-mediated immunity (e.g., lymphoproliferative disorders, immunosuppressive drug use, human immunodeficiency virus sero-positivity) are at 20 to 100 times greater risk compared with age-matched controls. 2
Amennyiben a beteg nem fordul időben orvoshoz, az övsömör szövődményes esetei alakulhatnak ki. Ez lehet a hólyagok bakteriális felülfertőződése, vagy bevérzéses jellegűvé válása, továbbá a bőr körülírt elhalása, apró fekélyek kialakulása. Utóbbi esetben heg visszamaradására kell számítani.
Előfordul, hogy a sebek eltűnése után is erős fájdalom tapasztalható a területen. Ez 1-2 héttől akár több hónapon át is tarthat. Ezt a posztherpetikus neuralgiának nevezett tünetet tíz övsömörös betegből csupán egy tapasztalja, és leginkább 80 év fölöttieknél jellemző. A panaszokat az érzőidegek működési zavarai okozzák, és zsibbadásként, erős fájdalomként jelentkezhet hosszabb időn keresztül.
Az arcon, a szemkörnyéken létrejövő kiütések veszélyesek, ugyanis ennek a területnek az érintettsége a szaruhártya kilyukadását (cornea perforatio) okozhatja, amely az adott szem vakságához vezet.
Erősen legyengült immunrendszerű szervezet esetében a bőrtünetek kiterjedten az egész testfelületen megjelenhetnek (herpes zoster generalisata). Késői szövődmény a fájdalom tartós - több hónapon keresztüli - fennmaradása a bőrtünetek gyógyulása után is az adott bőrterületen (postherpeses neuralgia).