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90% der Fehlbildungen betreffen das Capillitium (etwa 45% den Bereich der Parietalregion), seltener in absteigender Häufigkeit sind Gesicht, Retroaurikulärregion, Nacken, Rumpf oder Genitalien betroffen. Eine absolute (zu vernachlässigende) Rarität ist das Auftreten im Schleimhautbereich.
Altersabhängiges klinisches Bild:
4. Spätes Erwachsenenalter:
Konvolute fehlgebildeter Haarfollikel mit meist zahlreichen, reifen Talgdrüsenläppchen, die sich traubenartig um den meist erweitereten Ausführungsgang gruppieren. Vermehrung abortiver, apokrin oder auch ekkrin differenzierter Drüsen.
In einer größeren Studie an 168 Fällen wurde folgendes Strukturen mit folgender Häufigkeit nachgewiesen (Kamyab-Hesari K et al. 2016)
How best to treat rare congenital diseases such as aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) is still being debated. The best source would certainly be prospective randomized studies, but these cannot be performed due to the limited number of cases. The number of newborns affected with ACC is estimated to be 1 to 3 in 10,000, and the within-group variation is large. Exposure to teratogens during the fetal period 1 or genetic predisposal (with mainly autosomal dominant inheritance) may play a role in the development of ACC. In Adams-Oliver syndrome, scalp ACC is most often found together with terminal transverse limb defects. 2 3 However, the pathogenesis is often unknown, and the condition could possibly be caused by early fetal vascular disruptions or incomplete closure of the ectodermal surface of the neural tube.
Different etiologies have been linked to specific subgroups of ACC that were classified by Frieden 4 and by Sybert. 5 The subgroups reflect the ability of ACC to affect the vertex, the body, or the limbs, and its possible association with cerebral disorders and malformation syndromes. A review by Demmel (1975) 6 included 474 patients and showed that 85.8% of single defects affected only the scalp, which would be classified as group 1 by both Frieden 4 and Sybert. 5 In group 1 ACC, the skull bone and the dura are affected in ∼ 20 to 38% of larger defects. 6 Thus the inner meninges and the sagittal sinus may be exposed. Fatal complications may be due to exposure of vital structures, large wound area, and possibly vascular hemorrhage and infections. The mortality rate for ACC has been reported to be ∼ 20%, with a higher risk when the condition is associated with multiple congenital anomalities. 6
Because of the severe complications mentioned and also the fragile state of newborns, optimal treatment strategies would be of great value. The treatment strategies that are currently possible are conservative treatment, surgical treatment, or the two combined. In addition, initial treatment can be separated from late reconstructive treatments. Conservative treatment is a current trend for management in the neonatal period. 7 This strategy includes various dressings—adhering or nonadhering—and with or without antibacterial properties such as silver coating, 8 9 10 and allografts. 11 If the dura is exposed, the wound should be kept moist and covered at all times to avoid risk of eschar formation and drying, which may lead to rupture of the dura. 12 Local or pedicled scalp flaps (with or without primary closure) or skin grafts for soft tissue coverage are the most commonly reported surgical techniques. 13 Skin expansion, free flaps, and bone grafts may also be performed initially or as delayed cranioplastic treatments. Due to the variation in size, the tissue layers involved, position of the defect, and concurrent medical conditions, considerations must be made on an individual basis for all patients.
Consent obtained from parent(s)/guardian(s).
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